Significance of Media Research

Among the four methods of knowing, research uses the scientific method of investigation. The other three methods; tenacity, authority and intuition differ from the method of science because it is verifiable, objective, empirical, systematic, cumulative and logical. Some scholars also take it as the valid way of attaining knowledge because of its two basic characteristics:

· It is an objective state of human mind.

· It follows a systematic procedure.

Media research is the part of communication research which does the scientific study of mass communication processes including how people interact with mass media as an individual or in a group, media contents and the activities of media professionals and media owners. Media scholars have defined the three approaches under mass media research, they are; people or behavior oriented research, media oriented research and artifact oriented research. Mass media research further provides exploration, examination and application in the field of mass media. There isn’t any area in Mass media that doesn’t conduct or use research. Research is the only area in mass media that relates it to everything. Every time we raise a “who, what, when, where, why, how questions we have developed an investigative question. For example why do people choose to watch one television program over another, how internet affected readership of newspapers, what type of articles are most popular in magazines, when is the best time to broadcast a youth related program. Research helps provide answer to these questions.

Research is an integral part of mass media because it results in better and accurate reporting, also evaluating and examining past and present to make better decisions for future.

Development in Development Journalism

Development can be seen in two ways; Infrastructural development like constructions of road, health post, electricity, etc and Freedom, which is related with human rights protection, human development, economic development, etc. Development must be talked of in concrete and measurable terms. And Development journalism should focus on the needs of the poor, the deprived, the marginalized and emphasis their effective participation in development planning. Development is about ‘highlighting what people are doing to help transform their lives. It is seen as humanity’s common objective and a means to eradicate poverty and protect the environment.

At the talk program in Martin Chautari on “Development Journalism: Necessity and Challenges”, Laxman Dutta Pant gave in depth analysis over the situation of Development Communication in Nepal. He mentioned that Nepal still lacks in the professionalism of journalist as a whole. Journalism has become a hobby rather than job. He added people from other profession can join journalism and this is creating some sort of snag for Journalism to grow as a profession. Journalism practice isn’t applied, because we can’t criticize. They can’t criticize in the next level of the issue because they aren’t prepared for that. The task of Journalism is to decrease issues by enforcing better solutions, but the same issues have been only reported and not investigated resulting to its repetition. Though we have an educated mass, they aren’t well informed. Press council doesn’t self check the violation of the rules and ethics by journalist or media, but prefer for the public to bring in complains to act. As a tool for social justice, development journalism can be very valuable. By speaking for those who cannot, a development journalist can inform the rest of the world about important issues within developing nations. Looking at the strengths and weaknesses of a country may also help identify ways in which the nation can be helped. This style of development journalism is a tool for empowerment.

When development journalism is used as a propaganda tool, however, it can become very dangerous. Many citizens are taught that the news is a reliable and useful source of information. For example, within a developing nation which has a corrupt government, journalistic exposes of the government are extremely important for reform. If journalists are not allowed to write about what is actually going on, the citizens are not well served. Several international press organizations release reviews every year which look at the freedom of press in individual nations in an attempt to bring freedom of the press to all countries for this very reason.

The New Discoveries

When we entered the Singha Durbar with the permission of the security guards at the gates, we were tired of standing and annoyed by the delaying of the Radio Nepal Staff to receive us. When I looked around I got a glimpse of our Journalism course supervisor Nirmala Mani Adhikary also getting restless waiting at the gates. Finally we were allowed to enter the core government office area and start our educational tour. For many of my colleagues it was the first time entering Singha Durbar and a chance to discover the huge palaces and smooth roads. Inside the Radio Nepal Mr. Gandharva Khadka guided us to various studios and also the huge library Radio Nepal posseses.

But it was interesting for most of us to see our Nepali Literature Lecturer Mr. Ram Chandra Poudel who also accompanied us to the trip, trying his hands on Harmonium. There we found out about the love of our teacher towards music. While all the students were hanging around the piano and waiting for their chance to press the black and white keys of the expensive music instrument, Ram Chandra Sir was mesmerizing the sweet melody of the sound the Harmonium was producing with the help of his fingers.

And when we reached the library section, we met a woman with a very familiar face but we didn’t know that she was the popular folk singer Mira Rana until Nirmala Sir introduced her. I had of course heard her name and listened to her songs but I could not figure out when she was there in front of me. Later in the studio room too, we were encountered by another folk singer Tika Bhandari but we again failed to recognize him. Though they were working in the field of mass media, they are not as popular as foreign celebrities. This describes the content and strength of Nepali media. We could have readily recognized Paris Hilton or Hrithik Roshan but not our native celebrities.

Therefore, I guess we discovered the music interest of our lecturer and the not-so-popular among the young generation celebrities of Nepal on our trip to Radio Nepal.

The 13th Book Fair

It had been an annual ritual for me to visit the Book exhibition that used to take place every year at Bhrikuti Mandap. But I thought that it was a double treat as this year I had to visit the fair not solely because of my interest but also as an assignment of a Media Project course. Before entering the hall, I had assumed that a flood of people would be pushing me and I have to peep through the shoulders of massive people around me. However, to my great surprise, the fair was not at all crowded. The stalls had very few numbers of buyers and I could move through the stalls with great ease finding all the books I wanted to buy without any pushing or pulling from the crowd. Talking about this situation of the book exhibition, one of the big stall, educational book house clarified that the organizers did not do enough homework for the exhibition, they have taken the popularity for granted, and they had not done sufficient advertising about the event. The stall owner even informed us that they have to think quite hard to put the stall next year. It was very frustrating remark for all the book lovers like me.

Well, one good thing about the lesser number of people was that I could roam around in educational section as well. I saw many projects of students of different colleges but the project that impressed me was "Electrical traditional cereals grinder" developed by the team of brothers Mahendra and Tanka Bhattarai studying Food technology at Golden Gate International College. They said that they developed the project with the help of their physics teachers. I wish them luck.

THE EFFECT OF VIOLENT TOYS ON CHILDREN’S BEHAVIOUR

Young children have difficulty separating facts from fantasy. Children learn through play, and they learn by example. It is through imaginative play that the child begins to learn some of the roles and behaviours of society. Learning to cooperate, negotiate, take turns and play by the rules are all important skills learned through play. The skill learning process through play and games is applied in Montessori kindergartens which have turned out to successful method of teaching all around the world.

But kindergartens are not always careful about their teaching schemes. They are not cautious on how ‘g’ for ‘goat’ and ‘g’ for ‘gun’ can aid on destruct the child’s psychology. However they are just the base for the child to enter into the violence fantasy. Television, videogames, music and film have become increasingly violent. Over 1000 studies attest to a casual connection between media violence and aggressive behavior in children. Most parents are aware about the effects on their children due to the violent television shows but many do not realize that war toys can have similar effects. Most experts say that children should not be allowed to play with guns or other toys that promote violence. There is the potential for many negative effects. These toys send the message that violence is acceptable and conflicts should be resolved by fighting.

In United States the top selling toy for boys was the Daisy air rifle in 1920. In 1950: the air rifle now has twin barrels and continues to be a best-seller. In 1970, the most popular toy on the market was army action figure. In 1980, a full generation later, still the number one toy for boys was realistic water guns. This figure shows that boys are more vulnerable to the behavioral effects due to the excessive use of the war toys. Also because the use of these toys is high by the male children, the toys tend to be of masculine dominance and represent sexiest stereotyping.

To have an understandable view over this issue, let us first discuss about the attributes of violent toys. Violent toys are those which:

teaches that violence is the best way to settle a dispute

propagates that violence is fun and "cool"

encourages hurting and killing

glamorizes war and combat

promotes male dominance and female passivity

provides negative depiction of ethnic groups

promote excessive materialism

fosters aggressive competition

lead to anti-social behavior

It may not be readily apparent, but the toys that a child plays with can have profound effects on them. Providing a child with toys that encourage learning in a healthy way can be a huge asset to a child's development. Toys help children model the world of adults, children who learn at home develop skills that they will use for the rest of their lives but our society has been teaching for generations that guns and violence are acceptable behavior.

War toys not only have negative impacts on child’s behaviour but they help in cultivating any negative ideas, even set up some beliefs on their minds that may not be suitable for them. Some experts argue that war toys are also used as a propaganda tool that portray one group as right and powerful whereas the enemies to be less powerful and wrong. It is parents’ guidance that is necessary to keep their children away from such toys that propagate violent sadistic behaviours in them as well as help them escape from the propaganda cavity.

Attitudes about violence as ‘entertainment’ have to be changed over time. As discussed earlier, boys show violent oriented behaviors in quite early age. They have seen to be greeting strangers with pointing two fingers as they were shooting the person. It is even seen that boys are more ahead in forming gangs and they readily have enemies to oppose them and engross themselves in violent activities.

Children should be provided with the toys that stimulate creativity and imaginative play, encourage sharing and cooperation, encourage children to build and create rather than to destroy, are free of racist and sexist stereotypes, nurture non-violent, conflict-resolving skills, promote learning of new skills and help children develop their own talents, are open-ended - look for toys with no predetermined 'right' or 'wrong', challenge children to think for themselves and to use their imagination.

Works Cited

1.Copperwiki. Violent Toys. Retrieved from http://www.copperwiki.org/index.php/Violent_Toys
2.New Brunswick Advisory Council of Women. Violent toys send violent messages. Retrieved from http://www.acswcccf.nb.ca/english/toys.asp
3.Toy Reviews and News. Violent toys and their effects. Retrieved from http://www.toy-tma.com/toy-news/toy-recalls-and-safety/violent-toys-and-their-effects/
4.Vineyar Designs. Effect of toys on children. Retrieved from http://www.vineyardesigns.com/moms/educational_toys/effects_toys_children.shtml

A Social world of Facebook in and out of KU

As we human beings are the only social beings, the way we live and behave in our society defines us and our identity. Social processes and traditional understandings have been defining our life from the very beginning. Society is an emblem of sharing and multiplicity among a group of people that could belong to a community of multi ethnicity and multi culture. But, with the advancement in science, technology and relevant communication behavior, we have come a long way, where we socialize with the entire world even through a confined room- thanks to the ever escalating obsession and use of social networking sites. Or we can say, more than an obsession, it has become a necessity, which unlike our traditional societies, has started to revamp the meaning of socialization and our social identity. Our real-world identities can be multifaceted and contextually fragmented - we behave one way at work, and another when drinking with friends. Yet social-networking websites collapse “relationship types and contexts into the ubiquitous ‘Friend’” (Boyd, 2007, p.134). Thus one’s online social network friends, regardless of context (e.g. work, family, and school) all receive, by default, the same information. This online flattening of offline relationships has progressed without adequate means to negotiate this experience. For example how to present one facet of personality, or persona, to one's friends vs. one's workplace colleagues.

The Facebook phenomenon in a developing country like Nepal is indeed an interesting subject to study and find out about the people who are knowingly or unknowingly negotiating with their identity through social networking sites like Facebook. Facebook has met with some controversy over the past few years. It has been blocked intermittently in several countries including Syria and Iran. It has also been banned at many places of work to increase productivity. Privacy has also been an issue, and it has been compromised several times. It is also facing several lawsuits from a number of Zuckerberg's (the creator of Facebook) former classmates, who claim that Facebook had stolen their source code and other intellectual property. But this has not stopped people from using it. Even our political leaders have started to keep themselves up to date with people through Facebook and they are in the verge of transforming their identity as technologically and informatively advanced. The Facebook account of finance minister Dr. Baburam Bhattarai has been authenticated after the minister asked the person impersonating him to manage the account for him. But impersonating people on online services isn’t unique to Facebook- Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Steve Ballmer, John Howard And Barack Obama have all had their identity used by others only to create their fake and unauthorized accounts but when we came to know about God’s Facebook page wandering round the internet, and when tried to look at his profile, it had all sorts of statuses like “God is high like a kite....” or “God is bored lol”. When you search for Facebook account of George Bush, the outgoing American president, around 500 account profiles scroll up on your screen. Now, it is almost impossible to go through all the accounts only to find out if there’s any authentic one. The other thing of significance is that Facebook is creating “an identity that can cross applications.” And even world brands use virtual worlds to prototype, advertise and sell goods. That significance is one of the reasons that technologists have been so enthusiastic about the young platform.

The use of Facebook among Kathmandu University students too is extremely high. There are many students who created identity through Facebook. Some of them are Aakar Undefined and Vapidity; Aakar Undefined earned his popularity in his real life through his virtual identity. There were many people inside university who knew him in the Facebook but not in real life, many students know who Aakar Undefined is but very few, only the closest know his full name and know him in person. On the other hand Vapidity has used an English word for his identity on virtual world which can be used by any other person but inside the university it seems that he has owned the word and vapidity is not merely a word but a person’s identity in the virtual world. Even university clubs are formed through Facebook having all the executive members of the club regular users of Facebook. The clubs like Club’07 are some instances of this fact. The clubs use feeds, walls and their own profile space so well that the members had to put less effort for the dissemination of information to organize any programs. The clubs even send invitation to the programs in Facebook to the friends in their circle. The feeds in the Facebook are actually replacing the real life notice boards and to know any activities of the club, students do not have to reach for notice boards but just log on to their Facebook account and the notice board comes to their screen. These clubs are also the examples of virtual clubs that exist in reality. The use of Facebook is not only fun, or passing time, sharing photographs but the use of notes in the Facebook are for sharing any literary hobby or posting any thoughts or even facts. That is not it; the further utilization is made through comments as people comment in one’s note and then replied again by some other people. It is like a discussion forum and the use of notes has made impact on real activities and relationships. Thus the virtual space is attracting many members because of these facilities and the foremost fact that people are interested in Facebook is because virtual self is only possible only when there are other virtual characters.

Today one cannot imagine being social without these social networking sites, especially in the time of global migration. These sites matter to us more than being social in real; like parties, get-togethers, and even reunions or any social event for it doesn’t guarantee bringing up all your friends as these sites do. And they even bring together friends from different poles of the world. That is why it is not surprising to see the young generation gluing to their PCs and Laptops in a small corner rather than going out for social events. Would it be surprising to predict that the new generation will stop coming out of their abodes and just remain attached to the computer for it would mean more to them than a social life?

co-written with Sumati Maharjan

Works cited:
 Wikipedia
 www.Questia.com/Identity_Psychology, Boyd, D. (2007). None of this is real: Identity and participation in Friendster. New York: Social Science Research Council.
 Golick, J. (2008). Deleted from Facebook. Story2Oh.com.
 Oneill, N.(2007). Facebook’s Identity Problem.
o Jeremiah (2007). Web Strategy Predictions: Facebook, Identity, Social networks.
 Paul Squires (2007). Facebook and identity

Being an internal tourist

It was very interesting visit to Changu Narayan with the details of the temple by the priest himself but as the description finished and we roamed around the temple premises we saw different homemade materials on sale. We were very happy to see the Nepali products having such a good market for international tourists. We also thought of checking out the products, as we were also the internal tourist there. But as we inquired about the materials and price, the response was very frustrating. They were very reluctant to give us any information; moreover, they even ordered us not to touch them. A seller even gave the rude comments that we were just wasting their time and they only give information to the people who actually buy them. We returned back disheartened.

The internal tourism industry involves a very wide range of commercial and public enterprises and brings economic and social benefits to society. It creates employment for many different categories of workers and offers job opportunities for women. The very important part of internal tourism is internal tourism consumption. The basic concept measuring tourism activity and refers to total consumption of or on behalf of visitors and could, consequently be termed as "visitor demand". And it was evident that the shopkeepers in Changu Narayan were not aware of this fact.

Democracy and Journalism

Democracy is a form of government in which state-power is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state. In political theory, democracy describes a small number of related forms of government and also a political philosophy. Even though there is no universally accepted definition of 'democracy', there are two principles that any definition of democracy includes. The first principle is that all members of the society have equal access to power and the second that all members enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties. Journalism is the production of news reports and editorials through media such as newspapers, magazines, radio, television and the Internet. Journalists, be they writers, editors, photographers, broadcast presenters or producers, serve as the main purveyors of information and opinion in contemporary society.

In the 1920s, as modern journalism was just taking form, Walter Lippmann understood that journalism's role at the time was to act as a mediator or translator between the public and policy making elites. The journalist became the middleman. When elites spoke, journalists listened and recorded the information, distilled it, and passed it on to the public for their consumption. His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct the growing and complex flurry of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to filter news for the masses. Lippman put it this way: The public is not smart enough to understand complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was too consumed with their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to make the information plain and simple. That was the role of journalists. However, American philosopher John Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not only capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite; it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. Dewey believed journalists should do more than simply pass on information. He believed they should weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted. Over time, his idea has been implemented in various degrees, and is more commonly known as "community journalism."

Thus, one of the remarkable phenomena during the latter part of the twentieth century has been the emergence of media power, the impact of which has been all pervasive, transcending national frontiers. It is seen that independent media plays a major role in ensuring proper functioning of a democracy by mustering public opinion against corrupt practices that comes with power and authority cannot be disputed either. In a democratic state people vote for all kind of reasons, as is their right, and not always on the basis of rational thought or careful deliberation. But from the normative perspective the democratic ideal is one of informed choice to which the outputs of political journalism are key contributors. Journalists provide the key information on which citizens become able to judge between competing candidates and parties.

Media’s place in democracy is complex and varied. But in the last instance, it is up to those working in the media who can do a lot to shape the particular contribution of their medium. That indeed is part of the responsibility and calling of being a journalist. Actually, journalism is the voice of the voiceless people. Though mass media have a dual responsibility- to their owners and advertisers, and to the public; both of them are very important; but the priority should be given to the public. Journalist play the vital role of “watchdog” over the government looking out for instances of malfunction and corruption. The public would have far less control over the affairs of the government without the probing questions of investigative reporters. Democracy of journalism means freedom of press which gives right to publish without prior restraint and freedom from despotic control by the government. So when public are given diversified information, they take their own decisions. In a way, we can say, media is not the power house itself but it enjoys the power through the public support. So media indirectly control the government.

Only elections don’t make the state democratic. Liberated media is fundamentally crucial in genuine democratic societies because it practices the theory of including the public in governmental affairs, and commemorates the democratic idea that reality can only be relative and truth and facts are to be deemed authentic by individuals, not administrators.Without freedom in journalism, journalism will not be able to achieve its objective. And without free journalism democracy is incomplete.

Selling Music

Music has immense influence throughout the world. Music evokes many feeling, surfaces old memories, and creates new ones all while satisfying a sense of human emotion. It also provides a sense of knowledge with the ability to help identify a culture, as well as educate countries about other cultures. Our sounds, our noises, whether comforting or disturbing, are, as forms of response, substantially different to the forms. It can be a tool for many things: relaxation, stimulation and communication. Or it can also be a tool for resistance: against parents, against police against power. Questions of tradition, identity, and propriety and of the control over properties real and creative are, even for the least political among us, inescapable and urgent as the way in which we answer these questions can determine how our music is placed in the world, how it is consumed, valued, disposed. Through the topics like the loss of a nation’s cultural identity, the terror of westernization, and the reign of cultural imperialism we explore the possibilities or the existence of hybridization of cultures and values, and what some feel is the exploitation of their heritage. Music being the highly profitable, capitalist enterprise control and regulate the music. They sell culture and heritage.
The seven large multinational corporations, with their nation of origin and reported 1990 sales, are: Sony (Japan, $3 billion), Time/Warner (U.S., $2.9 billion), Polygram (Netherlands/Germany, $2.6 billion), Bertelsmann Media Group (Germany, $2 billion), Thorn/EMI (U.K., $1.88 billion), MCA (U.S., $1 billion), and Virgin (U.K., $500 million), total 1990 sales $13.88 billion (1993, pp. 141-143). With number such as these it is nearly impossible to deny the fact that these companies do not have a great affect on the influence of music and media that they distribute. Conglomerates not only run the market for music, but determine which music is to be distributed and to where, therefore pushing an idea or culture onto a nation. Artists such as Britney Spears, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill and Michael Jackson set out on world wide tours to spread their music throughout the world. These artists have realized the caliber and sheer numbers they can produce by not just focusing on one area. As site by Farley (2001) artist sometimes do not conquer a civilization completely, but help to create a hybrid form that has been formed using aspects of a person’s own culture and incorporating foreign attributes. For example, within Jamaica, there is a form of music known as “ragga”, which is a rap-influenced form of reggae. This is a perfect example how music can have somewhat of a positive affect. However, there are negative affects which come with such an influence. Along with the influence of the lyrics from rap came a lot more than Jamaica bargained for. They find that with local ragga star “Elephant Man’s” lyrics such as “Badman nah run from police inna shootout/ Whole crew a government see dem pon di lookout….” they have incorporated violence and hate. At recent concerts their have been fights, injuries, gunfire and death. So as positive as it seemed to incorporate foreign aspects into their music, it turned out to be a horrid influence. Artists also have had a key role in promoting “world music”. World music is defines as music that was written by artists from a foreign country in a native tongue. Nowadays nearly every music retailer – from the old fashioned bricks-and-mortar kind, through the online CD vendors, to the completely virtual iTunes Music Store – has a major section called “World Music” or “International.” U.S. based artists such as Paul Simon, Peter Gabriel and David Byrne are seeking to improve relations between U.S. and world music artists. One of the major fears associated with the globalization of music is the creation of a global monoculture. Monoculture is destroying local tradition, knowledge, skill, artisans and values. Specifically artisans have been affected through the fact that the product that they have tried to market has been outdated and overrun by the pop star garbage that has taken over the world and destroyed cultures. One of the main causes for the affects that music has had globally is the open-mindedness of the people that have accepted it. For example in 1959, Richie Valens hit the top of the charts with his song “La Bamba”. After this large hit, it was forty years before the world accepted another Latin rocker – Santana. With Santana’s worldwide success sparked room for artists such as Wyclef Jean. Wyclef formed a new hybrid formed of Haitian Creole and English. Even U.S. based Christina Aguilera recorded an entire CD entirely in Spanish. Within transitions to create a global market, these artists have found not only how to make money and survive in a capitalistic world, but how to satisfy more than one cultural group.

Ambush journalism

Ambush is the act or instance of lying concealed so as to attack by surprise. Journalism is the occupation of reporting, writing, editing, photographing, or broadcasting news. Ambush journalism refers to aggressive tactics practiced by journalists to suddenly confront with questions people who otherwise do not wish to speak to a journalist. Ambush Journalism is commonly seen in American public affairs and tabloid programs. The practice has particularly been applied by television journalists, conducting investigations. The practice has been sharply criticized by journalists and others as being highly unethical and sensational but it appears to be continuing in the future.

Some journalists use this technique to obtain the latest and hottest news. The outcome can sometimes be damaging or viewed as unethical. Other journalists refuse to use this technique because they feel that it violates the basic journalistic standards of balance and fairness. However others defend it as the only way to attempt to provide those subjects to it an opportunity to comment for a report. Journalists sometimes use the element of Ambush Journalism as a surprise technique to get the real story or news and raw emotions. This can sometimes be good because the persons true emotions are not hidden, as mentioned before, but usually the person being interviewed or ambushed does not have time to prepare and tends to have not well-reasoned answers.

It has been a serious issue whether Ambush Journalism is ethical or not. This is a very hard question to answer because each case is different. Also who decides what is ethical? That judgment is left in the hands of both journalist and the public. The public on the other hand wants to know everyone's private business so much that they sometimes do not care how it might affect the person or persons that the news is about. However if they were to be the subject of Ambush Journalism themselves they would most likely not like it at all.

One good example of Ambush Journalism was carried out by Tehelka.com in 2001 which had begun it's publication in 2000 as a news website. a reporter Mathew Samuel posed as a representative of the fictitious large arms supplier of a company named "West End" and successfully had a major expose on corruption in defense procurements. "Operation West End" as it is popularly known made then minister in charge of Defense, George Fernandes of Samata Party resignfrom his post although he was reinstated later. Tehelka.com was also forced to close down temprorarily. in their 2004 book, "international Communication: A Media Literacy Approach", Art Silverbatt and Nikolai Zlobin described Tehelka as a "muckraking site".

An Indian movie, “Breaking News” released in 2007, directed by Vishal Inamdar also tries to show the aspects of Ambush journalism with general details on its pros and cons successfully covering the issues of ethics, sensationalizing in media and the thin line between Ambush Journalism and Yellow Journalism.